Amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nesofthiwe nezinhlelo

Ikhaya » Ubuchwepheshe » Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo Ngesofthiwe Nezinhlelo

Umhlaba wesofthiwe nokuhlela ugcwele ama-anecdotes, izinganekwane, amagama angajwayelekile, nezindaba ezincane ezingaxoxwa kakhulu kodwa ezichaza ukuthi kungani sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe njengoba sibazi namuhla. Kusukela endleleni igama elithi "software" elaqanjwa ngayo kuya ekutheni kungani abahleli bezinhlelo abaningi bethanda i-terminal futhi bezonda ama-semicolon, iqiniso liwukuthi ngemuva kwayo yonke imigqa yekhodi ngokuvamile kukhona okungaphezu nje kokucabanga okumsulwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isayensi yamakhompyutha kanye nokuhlela kuthuthuke ngesivinini esikhulu: sekusuke ekubeni yindawo yochwepheshe abambalwa emalabhorethri kwaba yisisekelo semidlalo yevidiyo, izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula, iwebhu, isofthiwe yebhizinisi, ngisho nomculo esiwusakazayo. Ukuqonda amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nesofthiwe nezinhlelo akumnandi nje kuphela; kusisiza futhi sibone ukuthi leli zwe alifinyeleleki noma libanda njengoba kubonakala njalo.

Amakhukhi, ulwazi lomsebenzisi, kanye nendlela iwebhusayithi ekubona ngayo

Uma uvakashela iwebhusayithi bese kuvela isaziso sekhukhi esivamile, akuyona nje into eyisicefe: amakhukhi amafayela amancane agcinwa yisayithi kusiphequluli sakho ukuze akhumbule ukuthi ungubani nokuthi uyisebenzisa kanjani iwebhusayithi. Ngenxa yabo, isayithi lingazi ukuthi usuvele ungene ngemvume, yiluphi ulimi oluthandayo, noma ukuthi yiziphi izigaba ezithakazelisa kakhulu izivakashi.

Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi iwebhusayithi "ingakuqaphela" uma ubuya , ilungise okuqukethwe okuthile, futhi iqoqe idatha engaziwa ukuze ithimba lazi ukuthi yiziphi izigaba ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nokuthi yiziphi ezingavamile ukuvakashelwa. Lezi zici ziyisihluthulelo sokuthuthukisa ulwazi lomsebenzisi, kodwa futhi ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nobumfihlo kanye nokulandelela amasayithi amaningi.

Ngemuva kwaleso saziso esilula sezomthetho kukhona uhlelo lonke lokugcina isiphequluli , ukuphathwa kweseshini, amathuluzi okuhlaziya, kanye nezilungiselelo zokukhetha. Lezi zonke izinhlelo ezisebenza kokubili kudivayisi yakho kanye nakumaseva ewebhusayithi, ezihlanganiswe ukuze zenze ukuphequlula kuzwakale kubushelelezi futhi kwenziwe ngokwezifiso.

Ubuhlakani Bokwenziwa kanye noshintsho endleleni isofthiwe esetshenziswa ngayo

Ubuhlakani Bokwenziwa (i-AI) cishe insimu yesofthiwe eshintsha ngokushesha kulezi zinsuku. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa nje, amaModeli Olimi amasha (ama-LLM), amathuluzi amangalisayo, nezindlela ezahlukene zokuwahlanganisa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza—kusukela kubasizi abangokoqobo kuya ezinhlelweni zokuncoma—kuvele.

Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, ukusebenzisana okuvamile ne-AI kulula kakhulu: imibuzo nezimpendulo . Ububuza umbuzo ohlelweni, futhi lubuyisele umphumela okhiqizwe. Kodwa-ke, lokho kuguquguquka manje sekuya ngokuya kunganele. Izixhumi ze-multimodal ziyavela ngokwengeziwe, zihlanganisa umbhalo, izwi, izithombe, ividiyo, ngisho nezenzo eziqondile ezinhlelweni noma kumadivayisi.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-AI ayiseyona nje "ingxenye efihliwe" yesofthiwe , kodwa ingxenye ebonakalayo yesipiliyoni somsebenzisi. Amamodeli aqonda umongo walokho okwenzayo, abasizi abaphakamisa izinguquko kukhodi ngenkathi uhlela, kanye nezinhlelo ezenza imisebenzi ngokuzenzakalela ngemuva zishintsha indlela izinhlelo zokusebenza eziklanywe ngayo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isivinini lapho i-AI ishintsha khona sisho ukuthi amathuluzi amaningi abonakala eshintshashintsha ngolunye usuku futhi aphelelwe yisikhathi ngolunye usuku . Kubathuthukisi besofthiwe, lokhu kusho ukushintsha njalo imisebenzi yokusebenza, ukufunda ama-API amasha, nokucabanga kabusha ngendlela izixhumi zomsebenzisi eziklanywe ngayo.

Ukufunda ukuhlela: okungaphezu kokubhala ikhodi

Ukungena ohlelweni akukhona nje ukufunda ulimi; kufana nokuvula umnyango oya endaweni entsha yengqondo . Inhlanganisela ye-logic, izibalo, ubunjiniyela, kanye nobuciko yenza uhlelo luzwakale njengokuxazulula amaphazili kanye nokwakha okuthile kusukela ekuqaleni ngezingxenye ozisungulela zona.

Ukuhlela kufana nokufunda ulimi : kukhona isilulumagama (imisebenzi, iziguquguquko), imithetho yohlelo lolimi (isintaksi), kanye nezindlela zokuveza imibono eyinkimbinkimbi ngezakhiwo ezilula. Umehluko uwukuthi, esikhundleni sokukhuluma nomuntu, uxhumana nemishini namadivayisi, alandela imiyalelo yakho ngendlela efanele.

Uma wenza i-bootcamp, iziqu, noma ufunda wedwa, awugcini nje ngokukhumbula imiyalo; uqeqesha amakhono akho okucabanga nokuxazulula izinkinga . Uqala ukubona amaphethini kukho konke: indlela uhlelo lokusebenza oluhlelwe ngayo, indlela izendlalelo zesistimu ezihlukaniswa ngayo, ukuthi yini engenziwa ngokuzenzakalela… futhi uthola nokuthi kungaba mnandi kangakanani ukubona into oyibhalile iphila.

Abantu abaningi beza ekuhleleni izinhlelo becabanga ukuthi udinga ukuba yingcweti yezibalo. Eqinisweni, okubaluleke kakhulu isimo sengqondo kanye nokuzijwayeza njalo : ukuxazulula izinselele ezincane, ukwenza amaphutha izikhathi eziyinkulungwane, ukulungisa amaphutha, nokuqhubeka nokuphindaphinda. Njengoba uthuthuka, uthola lowo muzwa onamandla wokuthi "uma kungachazwa ngokunengqondo, mhlawumbe ngingakuhlela."

I-Unix, i-Mac, i-Linux kanye nomehluko ongapheli nge-Windows

Ngaphakathi komphakathi wokuthuthukiswa, kukhona uhlobo lwehlaya langaphakathi: kubahleli abaningi bezinhlelo, i-Unix kanye nabalandela yona (njenge-Linux, i-macOS, noma i-BSD) bayizimo zokuthuthukiswa ezihlanganisiwe. Eqinisweni, kuvame ukushiwo ukuthi "i-Unix iyi-IDE," ngenxa yenani lamathuluzi anamandla ewafakayo.

Nakuba i-Windows idinga ukuthi ufake futhi ulungiselele izinhlelo eziningi ngokwahlukana, izinhlelo ezisekelwe ku-Unix zinikeza ama-terminal, ama-compiler, abaphathi bephakheji , kanye nezinsiza ezilungiswe kahle zokwenza imisebenzi ngokuzenzakalela, izinqubo zokuqapha, kanye nemiyalo yokufaka uchungechunge. Lokhu kuzenza zibe lula kakhulu emsebenzini wokuthuthukisa wansuku zonke, futhi kuchaza ukuthi kungani abaningi befuna ukusebenzisa i-Photoshop ku-Linux kanye nezinye izindlela zomdabu.

Abahleli bezinhlelo bayakwazisa lokhu kusetshenziswa kwe-ecosystem ngoba bangakwazi ukwenza ngendlela abayifisayo indlela yabo yokusebenza futhi ngoba amathuluzi amaningi omthombo ovulekile ayeklanyelwe i-Unix ekuqaleni. Nakuba i-Windows isithuthuke kakhulu namuhla (ngezinto ezifana ne-WSL), isiko lokuthuthukisa lisalokhu lihlobene kakhulu ne-Linux kanye nefilosofi ye-Unix yokudala izinhlelo ezincane, ezikhethekile, nezihlanganiswayo.

Konke lokhu akusho ukuthi iWindows "ayinamsebenzi," kude nalokho; isetshenziswa kabanzi ezinkampanini nakubasebenzisi bokugcina, kodwa uma kukhulunywa ngokubhala nokufaka isofthiwe , umsebenzi omningi obalulekile usaqhubeka ezindaweni ze-Unix noma ezindaweni eziphefumulelwe kakhulu yizo.

Ukuhlanganisa: uma ikhompyutha isebenza bese ulinda

Ezilimini eziningi, ngaphambi kokuba uhlelo lusebenze, kumele ludlule enqubweni yokuhlanganisa , equkethe ukuhumusha ikhodi yomthombo ibe yifomethi umshini ongayiqonda ngqo. Izilimi ezifana ne-C noma i-C++ zidinga ukuhlanganiswa, futhi lokhu kungathatha noma yikuphi kusukela kumasekhondi ambalwa kuya emizuzwini eminingana noma ngaphezulu, kuye ngobukhulu bephrojekthi.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ikhompyutha ingaba matasa kakhulu kangangokuthi, empeleni, umhleli wezinhlelo usebenzisa ithuba lokuthatha ikhefu elingalindelekile . Yingakho ihlaya elivamile elithi, "Ngiyasebenza, liyahlanganisa," abaningi abalisebenzise njengezaba zokuvuka bayophuza ikhofi ngenkathi ibha yenqubekela phambili iqhubeka kancane kancane.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwewebhu kwanamuhla kusebenzisa izilimi nabahumushi abangadingi lolo hlobo lokuhlanganiswa okunzima, kodwa ngisho nalapho kunezinqubo zokwakha ukupakisha ikhodi, ukunciphisa amafayela noma ukukhiqiza izinguqulo ezilungiselelwe ezingase zihambe kancane.

Ekugcineni, ukuhlanganiswa kuyingxenye ebalulekile yomjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa: kusebenza ekutholeni amaphutha, ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhodi ihunyushwe kahle olimini lomshini . Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuzwakala sengathi kuyisikhashana, kuyingxenye yenqubo yansuku zonke yamaqembu amaningi.

Umugqa womyalo kanye namandla okukhuluma ngqo nohlelo

Kwabaqalayo, umugqa womyalo ungase ubonakale ungowakudala, kodwa uma usuwujwayele, uba ithuluzi eliluthayo. Ukusebenza emgqeni womyalo kusho ukusebenzisana nohlelo ngokuthayipha imiyalelo, esikhundleni sokuchofoza izithonjana nezinkinobho.

Empeleni, ukusebenzisa i-terminal kungenye indlela yokuhlela: imiyalo ihlanganiswa ndawonye, ​​​​izikripthi (njengalezo eziku-Bash) ziyasetshenziswa, futhi imisebenzi ephindaphindwayo iyazisebenzela. Lokhu kunikeza ukulawula okuhle kakhulu ohlelweni , okukuvumela ukuthi wenze izinto ngemizuzwana engaba kancane noma cishe engenakwenzeka ngesibonisi sesithombe sendabuko.

Abathuthukisi abaningi banomuzwa wokuthi uma sebejwayele ikhonsoli, izixhumi-xhumano zegundane kuphela ziba nzima futhi zikhawulele . Kusesigungwini lapho befaka khona ukuncika, basebenzise izinhlelo zokusebenza, baphathe izinqubo, noma balawule amaseva akude.

Kunokuba yinto eyisidala yesikhathi esidlule, umugqa womyalo uhlala usenhliziyweni yamathuluzi amaningi esimanje, futhi kungenye yezizathu ezenza ukufunda iBash noma iPowerShell kungenza umehluko omkhulu ekukhiqizeni kwanoma yimuphi umhleli wezinhlelo.

Amaphutha ngenxa yezikhathi namakhoma, abakaki kanye nabakaki

Zimbalwa izinto ezikhungathekisayo kunokuchitha amahora amaningi upholisha ibhulokhi yekhodi, uyisebenzisa, bese uthola ukuthi ayisebenzi ngenxa yemininingwane emincane. Ezilimini eziningi, i- semicolon engekho , ama-parenthesis avaliwe ngendlela engafanele, noma i-bracket ebekwe endaweni engafanele ingabangela ukuthi konke kuphuke.

Lawa maphutha e-syntax ayacasula kakhulu ngoba inkinga ayikho ku-logic, kodwa kunohlamvu olulodwa olulahlekile phakathi kwamakhulu emigqa . Umhlanganisi noma umhumushi uvame ukuphonsa imiyalezo yamaphutha, kodwa hhayi njalo endaweni eqondile yephutha, okukuphoqa ukuthi uhlole ikhodi.

Abahleli bezinhlelo abaningi bachithe amahora amaningi befuna lowo mlingiswa okhohlisayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-framework, ama-linters, kanye nabahleli abahlakaniphile baye basiza ekutholeni ngaphambi kokusebenzisa uhlelo, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi ahlala engenye yezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zeziphazamiso ezincane.

Le mpi eqhubekayo yokulwa nohlelo lokubhala isifundisa ukwazisa kakhulu amathuluzi okuthuthukisa amahle futhi ikhuthaza nomkhuba wokubhala ikhodi ehlanzekile neqondile , lapho kunzima khona ukuthi abakaki abangekho bangene ngaphandle kokuthi othile aqaphele.

Ubuvila njengemfanelo enhle ekuthuthukisweni

Ngaphakathi kwesiko lesofthiwe, kunomqondo othakazelisayo: "ubuvila obukhiqizayo" buyimfanelo enhle. Isisho esishiwo kuBill Gates, sokuthi ukhetha umuntu ovilaphayo emsebenzini onzima ngoba bazothola indlela elula yokukwenza, sifingqa kahle le ndlela.

Ekuhleleni izinhlelo, ukusungula kabusha isondo akusizi ngalutho. Yingakho kukhona amaphrojekthi omthombo ovulekile , imitapo yolwazi, kanye nezinhlaka, okuvumela ukuthi usebenzise kabusha izixazululo eziqinisekisiwe. Unjiniyela omuhle akazami ukwakha konke kusukela ekuqaleni; ufuna amathuluzi akhona, awahlole, futhi ahlele kuphela lokho okudingekayo ngempela.

Lo "buvila" buqhuba ukudalwa kwekhodi elula, engasetshenziswa kabusha, nezenzakalelayo . Uma umsebenzi uphindaphindwa, umuzwa womhleli uwukubhala iskripthi noma ithuluzi elizomenzela lona esikhathini esizayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo mqondo wonga umzamo, unciphisa amaphutha, futhi usheshise intuthuko.

Ngale ndlela, ubuvila buguqulwa bube ukusebenza kahle: esikhundleni sokusebenza ngamandla, inhloso ukusebenza ngokuhlakanipha okwengeziwe , ukuthembela emphakathini, kumaphrojekthi akhona kanye nemikhuba emihle ehlanganyelwe.

Amazwana kukhodi: imibhalo kanye nokuthinta okuhlekisayo

Amazwana akukhodi ayimigqa uhlelo olungayinaki, kodwa abantu abayisebenzisayo ukushiya amanothi, izincazelo, noma izixwayiso. Amazwana abhalwe kahle angasindisa amahora omsebenzi kunoma ubani okumele agcine leyo khodi kamuva (ngokuvamile umbhali ngokwakhe ezinyangeni kamuva).

Zisebenza ekucaciseni izinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi, zichaze ukuthi kungani kukhethwe ikhambi elithile, noma zixwayise ngezingxenye ezibucayi okungafanele zithintwe ngaphandle kokuziqonda kuqala. Ezinhlelweni ezinkulu, imibono ifana kakhulu nemibhalo efakiwe ehambisana nekhodi njengoba ithuthuka.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abathuthukisi abaningi basebenzisa amazwana ukuze bangene ngaphakathi kwamahlaya kanye nezinkomba zobungcweti : kusukela kumilayezo efana nokuthi “Yeka; // Hammertime!” kuya kumanothi afana nokuthi “// Magic. Ungathinti” noma “// udakiwe, lungisa kamuva.” Lolu hlobo lokucasuka seluyingxenye yezindaba zamasiko zokuhlela.

Lokho kuhlanganiswa kokuzimisela kanye namahlaya kubonisa ukuthi ikhodi ayibhalwa yimishini, kodwa ngabantu, nokuthi ngisho nasemaphrojekthini ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunendawo yokwenza umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe ube ngumuntu ngamahlaya amancane nemiyalezo efihliwe.

Ikhodi esebenza “njengomlingo”

Esinye sezinto ezivame kakhulu phakathi kwabahleli bezinhlelo ukuhlangana namabhulokhi ekhodi akudala angaziwa muntu ngokugcwele, kodwa asebenzayo futhi akekho onesibindi sokuwathinta. Kungaba imodyuli endala, ukuhlanganiswa okubucayi, noma i-patch eyalungisa iphutha eliyimfihlakalo eminyakeni edlule.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinhlelo ziyabhalwa, zibhalwe kabusha, futhi ziguqulwe izikhathi eziningi kangangokuthi kuyinto evamile ukuthi kugcine kunezindawo lapho i-logic iphambaniswe khona . Ngezinye izikhathi, ikhodi esele ingumphumela wokuzama nokwenza amaphutha, wezivivinyo eziphuthumayo kuze kube yilapho okuthile kuyeka ukwehluleka.

Amaqembu amaningi asebenza ngezigaba eziphawulwe ngengqondo ngokuthi "ungathinti," ngoba yize kungekho owaziyo ukuthi kungani enza lokho akwenzayo, umphumela ulungile. Kuyisikhumbuzo esihlala njalo sokuthi isofthiwe yangempela ayiyona into ephelele efundiswa ezincwadini.

Lesi simo sigcizelela nokubaluleka kokubhalwa kahle kwemibhalo kanye nokuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo , okunganikeza ukuzethemba lapho kulungiswa kabusha ngaphandle kokwesaba ukwephula ukuziphatha okwakubonakala sengathi kuyisimanga kuze kube yileso sikhathi.

"Shintsha into eyodwa encane": inkohliso yokushintsha okusheshayo

Uma ubheka ngaphandle, abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ukwengeza isici noma ukuguqula uhlelo kuyindaba "yokuthinta imigqa emibili." Kodwa noma yimuphi umhleli wezinhlelo uyazi ukuthi ngisho noshintsho olubonakala luluncane lungabandakanya ukuqonda ukuncika, ukubuyekeza ukwakheka, ukubuyekeza izizindalwazi, ukulungisa isikhombikubona, nokuhlola konke.

Cishe njalo, ukusebenza okubonakalayo ebusweni kumane nje kuyisiqalo senkinga . Ngaphansi kwayo kulele ukucabanga kwebhizinisi, ukuqinisekiswa, ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izinsizakalo, kanye nemithetho engenakwephulwa ngaphandle kokubangela imiphumela emibi.

Yingakho inkulumo ethi "yenza ushintsho olusheshayo" ivame ukubangela ukungezwani: ikhombisa ukungacabangeli ubunzima besistimu kanye nesikhathi esidingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho okunye okuthintekayo. Ngisho nezinguquko ezincane kufanele zidlule emijikelezweni yokuhlola kanye nokubuyekezwa kwekhodi.

Ukucabanga ukuthi isofthiwe ibucayi ngaphakathi kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi kungani izikhathi zokugcina ngezinye izikhathi zelulwa nokuthi kungani abathuthukisi bephikelela kangaka ekuhleleni kahle nasekuhloleni kahle ngaphambi kokuphothula inguqulo entsha.

Ukuba ngumhleli wezinhlelo: phakathi kokuqonda kanye nomlingo

Ukuqala ukuhlela kufana nokuthola isimemo esikoleni somlingo . Ekuqaleni, konke kubonakala kungaphezu kwamandla: izilimi ezintsha, imiqondo engavamile, amathuluzi angajwayelekile. Kodwa, kancane kancane, ubona ukuthi imigqa embalwa yekhodi yenza kanjani izinto ezithile zenzeke esikrinini.

Kubantu abaningi, umqondo wokuthi othile angakha uhlelo lokusebenza oluzenzakalelayo, umdlalo, noma ithuluzi cishe awuqondakali, ngakho-ke bavame ukubona abahleli bezinhlelo njengabanamandla akhethekile . Lo mbono "womthakathi wezobuchwepheshe" uqiniswa uma ubabonisa okuthile okudalile futhi bengazi ukuthi kusebenza kanjani ngaphakathi.

Ngolwazi oluningi, uyaqaphela ukuthi umlingo umane nje uwukucabanga okusetshenziswe kahle kanye namahora amaningi okuzijwayeza . Kodwa-ke, umuzwa wokukwazi ukudala izinto kusukela ekuqaleni usalokhu ungokoqobo, futhi kungenye yezizathu ezenza abantu abaningi bathandeke kakhulu ekuhleleni izinhlelo.

Emphakathini wanamuhla, abathuthukisi besofthiwe banesibopho esikhulu ngamathuluzi esiwasebenzisa nsuku zonke : kusukela kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zasebhange kuya ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha ibhizinisi. Bambalwa kakhulu abantu ababona ikhodi, kodwa sonke siphila nemiphumela yayo.

Amaphutha: amaphutha amancane anemiphumela emikhulu

"Amaphutha" noma amaphutha esofthiwe adumile angase abonakale njengemininingwane emincane, kodwa anamandla amakhulu okubangela izinkinga ngesikhathi esibi kakhulu. Amanye abonakala njengokwehluleka okusobala, kodwa amaningi ahlala engasebenzi, okubangela ukuziphatha okungavamile ezimweni ezithile kuphela.

Esinye sezizathu ezenza kube nzima kangaka ukuzithola ukuthi azihlali zibangela ukuthi uhlelo luphahlazeke. Ngezinye izikhathi, zimane zikhiqize imiphumela engalungile noma engahambisani , ebonakala kuphela uma othile ebona inombolo engahlangani noma isenzo okungafanele sivunyelwe.

Abathuthukisi bangachitha amasonto bejaha iphutha : bephinda benze ama-instance, bebuyekeza ama-log, bengeza ama-debugging traces, behlola ama-hypotheses, futhi besusa amathuba baze bathole imbangela. Akuvamile ukuthi imivuzo (yangempela noma engokomfanekiso) inikezwe noma ngubani okwazi ukubamba iphutha elingaqondakali.

Lo msebenzi wokulungisa amaphutha ngokucophelela uyingxenye ebalulekile yentuthuko yobungcweti futhi uchaza ukuthi kungani amaphrojekthi amaningi kangaka echitha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sawo ehlola, elungisa, futhi ethuthukisa kunokubhala izici ezintsha.

Ukuhlela njengephazili ye-logic yokugcina

Uma ujabulela amaphazili, uzozizwa ukhululekile ukuhlela ekhaya. Yonke inkinga yesofthiwe empeleni iyiphazili ye-logic lapho wazi khona indawo yokuqala (okufakwayo) nokuthi yini ofuna ukuyifeza ekugcineni (okuphumayo), kodwa kufanele uthole indlela ephakathi.

Ngokungafani nemidlalo efana neSudoku, ekuhleleni izinhlelo cishe akukho mithetho eqinile yokuthi ungayixazulula kanjani : ungahlukanisa inkinga ibe amamojula, usebenzise ama-algorithms ahlukene, ushintshe indlela ngokuphelele... bese uthola izixazululo ezisebenzayo nezisebenzayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuvamile ukuba nempendulo eyodwa enembile. Abahleli bezinhlelo abahlukene bangafinyelela ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukene kakhulu okusebenza kahle ngokulinganayo, ngakunye kunezinzuzo nezinkinga zako maqondana nokusebenza, ukufundeka, noma ukugcinwa.

Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwenselele yobuhlakani kanye nenkululeko yokudala kwenza ukuhlela kube umlutha kakhulu: kuhlale kunenkinga enzima kancane, ikhambi elihle kancane, noma ukwenza ngcono okungenziwa kangcono.

Amahlaya e-Geek kanye nesiko elincane labahleli bezinhlelo

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umphakathi wabathuthukisi udale isiko lawo elincane le-geek . Amahlaya angaphakathi, ama-meme mayelana namaphutha, izakhiwo, izinhlaka zesimanje, kanye, vele, amahlaya akudala mayelana nezinhlelo ze-binary kanye nezinombolo kugcwele.

Elinye lamahlaya aziwa kakhulu lithi “kunezinhlobo eziyi-10 zabantu emhlabeni: labo abaqonda i-binary nalabo abangaqondi.” Icebo lapha ukuthi u-“10” ku-binary usho u-“2” ku-decimal, ngakho empeleni kukhulunywa ngezigaba ezimbili zabantu , kodwa ezifihliwe njengezinombolo ze-binary.

Lokhu kubukana nokunqekuzisa ikhanda kuvela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, ezindaweni zokugcina amakhodi, ezingxoxweni ze-Stack Overflow, kanye nasezingxoxweni ezingaphansi ezinikezelwe kumahlaya abahleli bezinhlelo . Baluhlobo lobudlelwano phakathi kwalabo ababelana ngezinkinga ezifanayo zansuku zonke nabahlanganisi, amaklayenti, kanye nezinsuku zokugcina.

Lowo muzwa wokuhlekisa, ovame ukuba yinto ehlekisayo futhi engenangqondo, uyasiza ekubhekaneni nezinsuku eziyinkimbinkimbi, amaphutha angaqondakali, kanye nezinguquko zemizuzu yokugcina ezidingweni. Ukuhleka, kulo mongo, nakho kuyingxenye yamathuluzi okusebenza.

Bheka i-“Matrix”: qonda ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza zisebenza kanjani

Njengoba uthola ulwazi, awusakwazi ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza ngaphandle kokuzibuza ukuthi lwakhiwe kanjani ngaphakathi . Kunjengokungathi ubona ikhodi intanta ngemuva kwesixhumi esibonakalayo, njengasesigcawini esidumile esinemvula yabalingiswa abaluhlaza ku-The Matrix.

Uma umhleli wezinhlelo ehlangana nohlelo noma iwebhusayithi entsha, uqala ukucabanga ngokushesha ukuthi yibuphi ubuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe, ukuthi umbuso uphathwa kanjani, ukuthi ukwakheka kwezakhiwo kuyini, noma ukuthi imininingwane ethile yokuklama nokusebenza ixazululwe kanjani.

Lo mbono "wobuchwepheshe" uguqula izinto eziningi kusukela kumlingo zibe yizinqumo zokuklama, imigqa yekhodi, kanye namaphethini okwakha . Kungumzwelo othakazelisayo: ulahlekelwa yimfihlakalo ethile, kodwa uthola ikhono elikhulu lokuqonda nokuphindaphinda izixazululo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokho kuqonda okujulile kungenza kube nzima ukujabulela izixhumi ezithile ezingenziwanga kahle, ngoba awukwazi ukugwema ukubona amaphutha okusetshenziswa, amaphutha okusebenza, noma izinqumo zokuthuthukisa ezingabazekayo.

Kungani imidlalo yevidiyo ithatha isikhathi eside kangaka ukuphuma (futhi kungani ihlaba umxhwele kangaka)?

Imidlalo yevidiyo yesimanje cishe ingenye yezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezakhiwayo namuhla. Ngisho nomdlalo olula uhlanganisa ihluzo, umsindo, i-logic yomdlalo, i-physics, ukuxhumana, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, kanye nokuvumelanisa izingxenye eziningi.

Uma kukhulunywa ngezihloko ezinkulu ezinezindawo ezinkulu ezivulekile, abadlali abaningi, ama-cinematic, kanye namakhulu emishini, inani lomsebenzi ongemuva kwezigcawu liyakhuphuka. Yingakho, yize ngaphandle kungase kubonakale sengathi ukuzijabulisa "nje", amaqembu kanye nezinsuku zokugcina zifana nalezo zamaphrojekthi amakhulu esofthiwe yebhizinisi.

Labo abahlela imidlalo bayaqonda kahle ukuthi kungani umdlalo ungabambezeleka izinyanga noma iminyaka : ukuzinzisa ulwazi olukhulu kangaka olusebenzisanayo, ukupholisha amaphutha, ukwenza ngcono amapulatifomu ahlukene kanye nokulungisa indlela yokudlala kuwumsebenzi omkhulu.

Ukwazi ukuthi yonke imininingwane ebonakalayo esikrinini, kusukela ekugqwayizeni komlingiswa kuya ekuziphatheni kwemenyu, kuye kwadingeka ukuthi ihlelwe, ihlolwe futhi ibuyekezwe kwenza imidlalo yevidiyo ibonakale njengezinyathelo zobuchwepheshe nezokudala kunokuba kube yimikhiqizo yokuzijabulisa nje.

Umuzwa wokukwazi ukudala noma yini ngekhodi

Omunye wemiphumela enamandla kakhulu yokufunda ukuhlela ukuvela komqondo oqhubekayo wamathuba . Ithuluzi ngalinye elisha noma ulimi oluqondayo luvula umnyango wolunye uhlobo lwephrojekthi: uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula, i-bot, uhlelo oluzenzakalelayo, umdlalo olula…

Abahleli bezinhlelo abaningi baqoqa amaphrojekthi aseceleni ezindaweni zokugcina izinto ezifana ne-GitHub: imibono engaqediwe, izivivinyo, izinsiza ezincane ukuze bazisebenzisele zona. Ngayinye ivela ekuqinisekeni ukuthi, uma kukhona okungekho, mhlawumbe bangazakhela bona.

Ngezinye izikhathi zingamathuluzi okuxazulula izinkinga zansuku zonke, ngezinye izikhathi ziyimibono yokudala abazizwa befuna ukuyizama. Kunoma ikuphi, lo mdlandla wokuhlala udala uyingxenye yesiko lokuthuthukiswa futhi ungenye yezizathu ezenza ubuchwepheshe buthuthuke ngokushesha kangaka.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lowo muzwa wokuthi "Ngingenza cishe noma yini ngekhodi efanele" uba yisisusa esinamandla sokuqhubeka nokufunda nokuthuthuka, ngisho nangaphandle komsebenzi noma amahora okufunda.

Lokho okwenziwa usosayensi wekhompyutha kanye nonjiniyela wesofthiwe ngempela

Kunenganekwane esakazekile yokuthi wonke umuntu ofunda isayensi yamakhompyutha ungumhleli wezinhlelo . Eqinisweni, isayensi yamakhompyutha ihlanganisa izindawo eziningi ezahlukene: ukuphathwa kwezinhlelo, amanethiwekhi, izizindalwazi, ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlelo, ukuphathwa kwamaphrojekthi, ukuphepha, ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe… kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kungenye yazo.

Umuntu angasebenza ngobungcweti ku-IT, egxile kwingqalasizinda, amaseva, noma amanethiwekhi, ngaphandle kokubhala ikhodi eningi nsuku zonke. Ngokufanayo, unjiniyela wesofthiwe angaba nokuqonda okujulile kwe-logic, amaphethini okuklama, kanye nokwakhiwa, kodwa angabi uchwepheshe ekulungiseleleni ama-router noma ekulondolozeni iseva.

Onjiniyela besofthiwe bavame ukuba ngochwepheshe ekuxazululeni izinkinga ngezinhlelo , okudinga ukuqonda imiqondo ethile kakhulu: izakhiwo zedatha, ama-algorithms, imikhuba emihle kakhulu, ukuhlola, ukwakheka kwe-API, njll. Akunangqondo ukulindela ukuthi nabo babe ngabaphathi bezinhlelo abathuthukile uma lokho kungeyona indawo yabo yobuchwepheshe.

Ukuqonda lokhu kwehlukahlukana ngaphakathi kwesayensi yamakhompyutha kusiza ukuqeda umqondo wokuthi "uma usezinhlelweni, uyazi ukuthi ungakwenza kanjani konke" futhi kugqamisa ubuchwepheshe bendima ngayinye emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe.

Ingabe ukuhlela kuyinkimbinkimbi njengoba kubonakala?

Enye inganekwane evamile ukuthi ukuhlela izinhlelo kunzima kakhulu futhi kufaneleka kuphela kubantu abaneziphiwo. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukufunda ukuhlela kudinga umzamo, ukuzijwayeza, kanye nokubekezela, kodwa akuyona ithalente elimangalisayo eligcinelwe abambalwa abakhethiwe.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwavela izilimi namathuluzi enza ukungena ezweni lekhodi kube lula ukukuthola: amapulatifomu e-Python, JavaScript, Kotlin , noma ngisho ne-No Code kanye ne-Low Code akuvumela ukuthi wakhe izinto eziwusizo ngohlelo lokufunda olufanele.

Njenganoma yiliphi ikhono lobuchwepheshe, ukuhlela kunezinkinga zako, kodwa futhi kuzuza kakhulu ekusebenzisaneni njengeqembu kanye nomphakathi . Amaforamu, izifundo, imibhalo, kanye namaphrojekthi omthombo ovulekile kwenza kube lula ukuthola izixazululo zezinkinga ezazibonakala zingenakwenzeka ukuzixazulula wedwa.

Ekugcineni, okwenza umehluko akusikho kakhulu ithalente elingokwemvelo kodwa ukungaguquguquki, isimo sengqondo, kanye nokwenza . Labo abanikela ngesikhathi ekuxazululeni izinselele, ekufundeni ikhodi enhle, kanye nasekwakhiweni kwamaphrojekthi ekugcineni bathuthukisa ukushelela, njengomuntu ofunda ulimi olusha ngokusebenzisa kanye nokuvezwa.

Ingabe impilo yomhleli wezinhlelo iwukuphela komuntu?

Ama-movie kanye nochungechunge lwe-TV kuqhubekisele phambili isithombe somhleli wezinhlelo njengomuntu ohlukanisiwe, ohlala ebumnyameni phambi kwezikrini eziningi. Empilweni yangempela, onjiniyela abaningi besofthiwe basebenza emaqenjini ahlukahlukene futhi bachitha isikhathi esiningi bekhuluma nabanye abantu.

Ukwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza eziwusizo kudinga ukuqonda izidingo zamakhasimende noma abasebenzisi , ukubambisana nabaklami, abahloli, ababambiqhaza bebhizinisi, kanye nabanye abathuthukisi. Izinqumo ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe zixoxwa ndawonye futhi zivame ukuhilela ukuxhumana okubanzi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhakha wesofthiwe uthembele emiphakathini ekhuthele kakhulu: imihlangano, izingqungquthela, izindawo zokugcina izinto ezisebenzisanayo, kanye nezinkundla lapho ulwazi lwabelwana khona futhi kuphendulwa imibuzo. Kunokuba yindawo eyedwa, iyindawo enabantu abaningi.

Nsuku zonke, ukubhala ikhodi enhle kudinga namakhono athambile: ukuxhumana okucacile, ukucabanga ngokubambisana, kanye nozwela ukuze uqonde ukuthi umsebenzi wakho uzothinta kanjani amanye amalungu eqembu noma abasebenzisi bokugcina. Eqinisweni, cishe akunakwenzeka ukwenza lo msebenzi ngaphandle kokuxhumana njalo nabanye abantu.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nokuvela kwesofthiwe yebhizinisi

Uma sicabanga ngesofthiwe, sivame ukucabanga ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zabathengi, kodwa isofthiwe yokuphatha ibhizinisi nayo inomlando wayo othakazelisayo. Kusukela kuzixazululo zokuqala ezisebenza kuma-mainframe amakhulu kuya ezinhlelweni zanamuhla ezisekelwe efwini, ukuvela kube kukhulu kakhulu.

Izinkampani eziningi zaqala ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo eziqanjwe ngokwezifiso, ezakhelwe phezulu , ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zaba imikhiqizo yokulinganisa emikhakheni efana nokubalwa kwezimali, ezokuthutha, kanye nezinsizakusebenza zabantu. Isizukulwane ngasinye esisha samathuluzi sanezela amakhono: imibiko ephelele, ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo kwenqubo, kanye nokuhlanganiswa namanye amapulatifomu.

Ngemuva kwalezi zinhlelo kulele izindaba zezinqumo ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe, ukufuduka okuyinkimbinkimbi , kanye nemininingwane ethakazelisayo mayelana nokuthi amamojula athile aba kanjani amazinga afanele emakethe. Ukuvela kweSoftware njengeSevisi (SaaS) kushintshe ngokuphelele umdlalo, kwavumela izibuyekezo eziqhubekayo ngaphandle kokufakwa kwendawo.

Ukuhlola ukuvela kwalezi zixazululo kuyindlela enhle yokuqonda ukuthi izinkampani ziye zasuka kanjani ekuphatheni izinqubo zazo ngezinqwaba zamaphepha zaya ekwenzeni kanjalo ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezixhunyiwe kanye nedatha yesikhathi sangempela , zakhela emashumini eminyaka okusungula izinto ezintsha okuthule.

Amaqiniso ayi-12 athakazelisayo mayelana nemigomo yesofthiwe

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amagama nezinkulumo kuye kwavela esizithatha kalula manje, kodwa ezinemvelaphi exakile . Nazi izibonelo eziyishumi nambili ezihlobene nokubala kanye nesofthiwe ezisiza ukuqonda kangcono lolu limi oluyingqayizivele.

I-8-bit kanye nobuhle be-pixel art: Imidlalo yevidiyo ebizwa ngokuthi "i-8-bit" ayizange iqanjwe ngenxa yokukhumbula izikhathi zakudala, kodwa ngenxa yobubanzi bamagama amaprosesa ayo ayekwazi ukusingatha: ama-bits angu-8. Ama-consoles afana ne-NES ayenalo mkhawulo, owawukhawulela inani lemibala, isixazululo, kanye nobunzima bomsindo, kodwa ngokuzayo, kwaveza ubuhle be- pixel art obudumile obuqhubeka nokuphefumulela abadali abaningi namuhla.

I-Spotify kanye negama elicishe libe ngengozi: Insizakalo yokusakaza umculo i-Spotify yazalelwa eSweden ngo-2006 njengempendulo esemthethweni yobugebengu obukhulu bomculo . Igama layo, njengoba indaba isho, livela egameni elizwiwe kabi ngesikhathi seseshini yokucabanga; labe selihunyushwa kabusha njengenhlanganisela "yebala" (ukuthola) kanye "nokubona," okwenza kube nencazelo enhle kakhulu.

I-Rootkit, ikhithi ye-superuser: I-rootkit iyisethi yamathuluzi aklanyelwe ukuthola nokufihla ukufinyelela komlawuli (impande) ohlelweni. Leli gama lavela ngawo-90, liphefumulelwe "amakhithi" esofthiwe asemthethweni asetshenziswa abaphathi ukuphatha izinhlelo, kodwa aguqulwa abahlaseli ukufihla ukuba khona kwawo.

Ihhashi leTrojan kanye neTrojan yedijithali: Ekuphepheni kwamakhompyutha, ihhashi leTrojan uhlelo oluzenza isofthiwe esemthethweni yokukhohlisa umsebenzisi futhi lungene kumakhompyutha akhe. Leli gama livela ngqo kuhhashi leTrojan lezinganekwane zamaGreki , elalifihla amasosha ngaphakathi ukuze anqobe idolobha ngaphakathi.

I-WordPress kanye nesizinda sewebhu: I-WordPress yaqala ngo-2003 njengokuthuthukiswa kolunye uhlelo lokubloga olubizwa ngokuthi i-b2/cafelog. Lokho okwaqala njengeplatifomu elula yamajenali omuntu siqu kwagcina sekungenye yamaphrojekthi omthombo ovulekile aphumelele kakhulu emlandweni, kangangokuthi namuhla kulinganiselwa ukuthi amawebhusayithi angaphezu kuka-40% akhiwe ngayo.

I-Malware, igama eliyisisekelo lesofthiwe enonya: Igama elithi malware livela ku-"software enonya," okusho isofthiwe eyenzelwe izinjongo eziyingozi . Leli gama lihlanganisa amagciwane, amaTrojan, i-spyware, i-ransomware, nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlelo ezinonya. Nakuba amagciwane abe khona kusukela ngawo-70, igama elithi "malware" alizange lisabalale kwaze kwaba ngawo-90.

I-Second Life kanye nomnotho wayo obonakalayo: Yasungulwa ngo-2003, i-Second Life akuyona umdlalo wevidiyo wakudala: ayinazo izinhloso ezichaziwe kanye nemisebenzi eqondile. Ingumhlaba obonakalayo oqhubekayo lapho abasebenzisi bedala, bethenga, futhi bethengisa izimpahla zedijithali futhi bexhumana nabantu. Ekufikeni kwayo, umnotho wayo wangaphakathi ushintshe amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi angempela.

I-Copyleft kanye neNkululeko Ethelelanayo: Igama elithi copyleft laphakanyiswa njengendlela ehlukile esikhundleni se-copyright yendabuko. Ngaphansi kwamalayisense e-copyleft, kungenzeka ukukopisha, ukuguqula, nokusabalalisa kabusha umsebenzi, uma nje imisebenzi esuselwe kuyo igcina inkululeko efanayo. Lo mbono wathandwa kakhulu ngenxa kaRichard Stallman kanye nenhlangano yesofthiwe yamahhala.

I-HTML5 kanye nelogo yayo esemthethweni: Ngo-2011, i-W3C yethula ilogo esemthethweni ye-HTML5 ngesimo sesihlangu esenziwe ngesitayela . Inhloso kwakuwukudlulisa ukuqina kanye nesimanje, kuqiniswa umyalezo wokuthi i-HTML5 yayilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngisho nokukwazi ukufaka esikhundleni izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zedeskithophu zendabuko.

I-ICQ kanye nomdlalo wamagama othi “I Seek You”: I-ICQ yayingenye yezinhlelo zokuqala zemiyalezo esheshayo ezazidumile ngawo-90. Igama layo libizwa ngokuthi “I seek you,” okugcizelela umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko: ukuthola nokuxhumana nabantu abavela noma kuphi emhlabeni, kudala ngaphambi kokuba kube khona i-WhatsApp noma i-Messenger.

I-HTTP, iposi lewebhu: I-HTTP imele i-Hypertext Transfer Protocol futhi yadalwa nguTim Berners-Lee kanye ne-World Wide Web ngasekupheleni kwawo-80. Le protocol isebenza njengesithunywa phakathi kwesiphequluli sakho namaseva , icela amakhasi futhi ibuyisele izimpendulo. Kamuva, i-HTTPS, inguqulo yayo ebethelwe, yavela ukuvikela ulwazi ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa.

Umsuka wegama elithi software: Kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka yama-50, izinhlelo zazaziwa nje ngokuthi “ikhodi” noma “imiyalelo.” Isazi sezibalo uJohn Tukey saqamba igama elithi “software” ngo-1958 ukuze sihlukanise izinhlelo (ingxenye ethambile) kwihadiwe (ingxenye ebonakalayo) yamakhompyutha. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, leli gama liye laba yinto ebalulekile kunoma iyiphi ingxoxo yezobuchwepheshe.

Ukubheka lezi zindaba ezincane ezingemuva kwemiqondo esiyisebenzisa nsuku zonke kusisiza sibone umhlaba wesofthiwe njengento ephilayo, egcwele imibono yabantu, izinqumo, kanye nezindaba ezimfushane , hhayi nje njengeqoqo lamagama angaqondakali.

Uma kubhekwa konke lokhu, wonke la maqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nesofthiwe nezinhlelo abonisa ukuthi ngemuva kwayo yonke insiza, ulimi, ilayisensi, noma ithuluzi, kukhona ingxube yomlando, amahlaya, ukuzama namaphutha, ukubambisana, kanye nobuciko obuningi bobuchwepheshe; ukuwaqonda kusenza sijabulele ubuchwepheshe kakhulu, silahlekelwe ukwesaba kwethu ukuhlela, futhi siqonde umsebenzi ongabonakali wezigidi zabantu, ngokulandelana, abakhe indawo yedijithali esihamba kuyo nsuku zonke.