Amaqhinga esofthiwe ye-Linux: imiyalo, izinhlelo zokusebenza, namathiphu ayisihluthulelo

Ikhaya » Ubuchwepheshe » Amaqhinga eSoftware ye-Linux: Imiyalo, Izinhlelo Zokusebenza, kanye Namathiphu Ayisihluthulelo

Uma usebenzisa i-Linux nsuku zonke—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenzisa ideskithophu, i-laptop encane, noma iseva yamafu—ukwazi izisekelo ezimbalwa akwanele ukuze uthole okuningi kukho. I-Linux ibusa ngaphezu kuka-90% wengqalasizinda yamafu , iyipulatifomu ekhethwayo yabathuthukisi, kanye nesistimu yokusebenza ngemuva kwengxenye enkulu ye-inthanethi, ngakho ukufunda amaqhinga ayo esofthiwe akuyona nje into eyenzeka ngenkani: kuwukutshala imali ekukhiqizeni.

Ngaphandle kokuba umthombo wamahhala novulekile, i-Linux inikeza umugqa wemiyalo onamandla, abaphathi bephakheji abavuthiwe , kanye nesistimu enkulu yezinhlelo zokusebenza cishe zanoma yimuphi umsebenzi ongawucabanga: kusukela ekuhleleni ividiyo ye-4K kuya ekuphatheni iseva yasekhaya. Kulo mhlahlandlela, uzothola inhlanganisela yemiyalo ebalulekile, izinqamuleli, amathiphu okuphepha, namathuluzi anconyiwe ukukusiza ukuthi usebenze ngokushesha, ngokuphephile, futhi ngezinkinga ezimbalwa ezingalindelekile.

Imiyalo eyisisekelo ye-Linux okufanele uyiqonde ngokuphelele

Ku-Linux, cishe konke kwenzeka nge-terminal: yonke inkinobho oyicindezelayo ku-interface yesithombe ivame ukuphetha ngokubiza umyalo . Ukuqonda ukuthi leyo miyalo isebenza kanjani umehluko phakathi kokukhasa ngesivinini somnenke nokuhamba ohlelweni njengerokhethi.

Umyalo umane nje uhlelo olusebenzisayo emgqeni womyalo, oluhambisana amafulegi (izinketho) kanye nezimpikiswano (amapharamitha)Amafulegi avame ukuqala ngokuthi - o --Izimpikiswano zibonisa ukuthi yiliphi ifayela, isiqondisi, noma izinsiza ofuna ukuzisebenzisa futhi ngokuvamile zilandela i-oda elithile.

Cishe yonke imiyalo ifaka phakathi usizo olwakhelwe ngaphakathi: ungasebenzisa inketho -h noma ubheke ikhasi layo elibhalwe ngesandla con man nombre_comandoUma ujwayela ukusebenzisa usizo esikhundleni sokusesha njalo ku-Google, uzofunda ngokushesha ukuthi amathuluzi asebenza kanjani ngempela.

Ngezansi kunemiyalo eyisisekelo okufanele wonke umsebenzisi we-Linux ayazi (futhi ayisebenzise nsuku zonke) ukuze azulazule ohlelweni lwamafayela, aphathe amafayela, futhi athole ulwazi mayelana nomshini wakhe.

1. Dlulisa amehlo kumarekhodi bese ubuka okuqukethwe kwawo: ls, pwd y cd

Umyalo ls Bhala okuqukethwe kwesikhombisi: Ikukhombisa amafayela namafolda amancane kufolda yamanje noma kuleyo oyichazile.. With ongakhetha like -l (uhlu olude) noma -a (kufaka phakathi ezifihliwe) uthola ulwazi oluningi ngokushesha.

Uma ufuna ukwengeza umbala othile kokukhiphayo ukuze uhlukanise kangcono izinhlobo zamafayela, ungachaza igama elifana naleli: alias ls="ls --color=auto"Ngaleyo ndlela akudingeki uphinde inketho njalo uma uyisebenzisa.

Ukuze uthole ukuthi ukuyiphi ifolda, pwd (uhlu lwemibhalo olusebenzayo lokuphrinta) lukukhombisa indlela ephelele yohlu lwamanjeLokhu kuyisihluthulelo sokungalahleki uma usuwenze izinguquko eziningana ezilandelanayo zesiqondisi.

Ekugcineni, nge cd Shintsha ifolda: Ngaphandle kwezimpikiswano, ubuyela kufolda yakho yomuntu siqu, nge cd .. Uyakhuphuka ezingeni, futhi cd - gxuma uye kufolda yangaphambilini (iwusizo kakhulu ekuhambeni naphambili phakathi kwezindlela ezimbili ngenkathi usebenza).

2. Ukususwa kwama-aliase nama-alias: alias y unalias

I-alias isifinyezo esisetshenziswa yigobolondo ukumela umyalo owodwa noma eminingi. Isibonelo, ungachaza alias ll="ls -lah" ukuthola uhlu olunemininingwane olunosayizi abafundekayo ngokuthayipha nje ll.

Uma ugijima alias Ngaphandle kwezimpikiswano, uzobona zonke izibizo ezisebenzayo kuseshini yakho yegobolondoZingezesikhashana, ngakho-ke uma ufuna ziqhubeke, zengeze kufayela lokucushwa kwegobolondo lakho (isibonelo) ~/.bashrc o ~/.zshrc).

Uma wenza iphutha noma ufuna ukulisusa, unalias nombre_alias Iyakususa kuseshini yamanje. Kuyindlela elula yokwenza Hlanza izinqamuleli ongasazidingi noma ezingqubuzana nemiyalo yangempela.

3. Ukukopisha, ukuhambisa, ukudala, nokususa amafayela: cp, mv, mkdir, rm

cunt cp Ungakopisha amafayela namafolda: cp origen destino yefayela, futhi cp -r lapho usebenza ngama-directory aphelele. Khumbula / final ezindleleni zefolda ukuze ugweme ukudideka.

Umyalo mv Isebenza kokubili ukuhambisa nokuqamba kabusha: Uma indawo oya kuyo iyindlela ehlukile, uhambisa ifayela; uma kuyigama elihlukile kufolda efanayo, uliqamba kabusha.Kungenye yamathuluzi asebenziseka kalula uma uhlela kabusha amaphrojekthi akho.

Ukuze udale izincwajana ozisebenzisayo mkdir. Ngenketho -p ungakwenza konke ngesikhathi esisodwa uhlu oluphelele lwamafolda angaphansi, Ngokwesibonelo mkdir -p peliculas/2004/terror.

rm Isusa amafayela neziqondisi, futhi kufanele unyathele ngokucophelela lapha: rm -rf Ifolda yonke enakho konke okuqukethwe kwayo ingalayishwa ngaphandle kokucela isiqinisekiso.Kuma-directory angenalutho ongazisebenzisa rm -rKodwa ngaphambi kokuqalisa imiyalo ebhubhisayo, hlola ngokucophelela indlela ozoyisusa.

4. Buka, dala, futhi udlale amafayela: cat, less, head, tail, touch

Okwakudala cat Ikukhombisa okuqukethwe amafayela ombhalo ngokulandelana; ilungele kakhulu hlola amafayela amafushane noma uhlanganise amaningana ekukhishweni okujwayelekile. Kumafayela amakhulu kuba nzima.

Uma ifayela lide, less kuyakuvumela zulazula uye phambili nangemuvaUkufuna izintambo nokuzulazula ngokunethezeka ngaphandle kokufunda umbhalo wonke ngesikhathi esisodwa kuyigolide elicwengekile lokubuyekeza izingodo ezinkulu.

Uma unesithakazelo ekuqaleni noma ekugcineni kuphela, head y tail umbukiso imigqa yokuqala noma yokugcina yefayela. Nge -n Ulungisa inani lemigqa ofuna ukuyibona, kanye tail -f Ungalandela indlela i-log ekhula ngayo ngesikhathi sangempela.

Umyalo touch Isetshenziswa kakhulu dala amafayela angenalutho ngokusheshaIngabuyekeza futhi izitembu zesikhathi zokufinyelela nokuguqula. Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ngokushesha amafayela noma izikripthi zokucushwa ongazifaka kamuva.

5. Izimvume kanye nokuqaliswa okuqondile: chmod y ./

Ifayela ngalinye lifunde, libhale, futhi lisebenzise izimvume zomnikazi, iqembu, kanye nabo bonke abanye abasebenzisi. chmod Ungashintsha lezo zimvume ngendlela eguquguqukayo: chmod +x archivo kwenza kube lula ukusebenza, into ebalulekile ngaphambi kokuqalisa iskripthi.

Uma ifayela lisebenza futhi linesihloko esifanele (shebang), ungalisebenzisa ./nombre_archivoLokho kuphawula kubonisa "Sebenzisa leli fayela elitholakala kufolda yamanje" ngisebenzisa umhumushi engimmemezele emgqeni wokuqala (isibonelo, /usr/bin/python3).

6. Amadokhumenti kanye nosizo olusheshayo: man, whatis, which

Umyalo man Vula incwadi yemiyalelo ephelele ukuze uthole noma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza olukhona. Uma usebenzisa man man uzobona izingxenye zekhasi lesandla kanye nemithethonqubo, into ewusizo kakhulu ekuzuzeni okuningi kuzo.

Uma ufuna nje incazelo esheshayo yomyalo, whatis buyisa umugqa ofingqiwe onenhloso yawo eyinhloko, ilungele ukuvuselela inkumbulo yakho ngaphandle kokungena emininingwaneni.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, which Ikutshela indlela eqondile eya ku-executable ezosebenza uma uthayipha umyalo, okuyisihluthulelo se- thola amakhophi noma wazi ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo yohlelo olusebenzisayo uma uneziningana ezifakiwe.

7. Ulwazi lwesistimu kanye nomsebenzisi: whoami, uname, neofetch

cunt whoami Ungahlola ngokushesha Yimuphi umsebenzisi osebenza naye ngempela?Lokhu kungavimbela izimanga ezingathandeki lapho ushintsha phakathi kwama-akhawunti ajwayelekile nawabaphathi.

uname Ibonisa idatha mayelana ne-kernel kanye nomshini; nge uname -a uthola ukubuka konke okusheshayo kwesistimu nge-hostname, inguqulo ye-kernel, kanye nokwakhiwa. Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu uma ucela ukwesekwa noma ubhala phansi indawo.

Uma ufuna okuthile okuheha amehlo, neofetch dweba ilogo ye-ASCII yokusabalalisa kwakho kanye nesifinyezo sehadiwe, i-kernel kanye nendawoNgokuvamile ayifakwa ngokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa ingafakwa ngemizuzwana kusetshenziswa umphathi wephakheji.

8. Izinqubo, inkumbulo kanye nokuphathwa kwezinsizakusebenza: ps, htop, kill, xkill

Umyalo ps Bhala izinqubo ezihambisana neseshini yakho yegobolondo; ngezinketho ezifanele ongazibona ukuthi isebenza kanjani, izihlonzi zayo (ama-PID), kanye neminye imininingwaneUkuze uthole okuthile okusebenzisana kakhulu, htop Inikeza umbono wesikhathi sangempela we-CPU, i-RAM, izinqubo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo.

Uma uhlelo lokusebenza luqina futhi kungekho ndlela yokuluvala kahle, kill kuyakuvumela mthumelele izimpawu zokuthi akuqedekungaba ngokucacisa i-PID yayo noma igama layo. Qaphela, ngoba ungalahlekelwa umsebenzi ongalondoloziwe uma uphoqa inqubo ethile.

Icebo eliwusizo ezindaweni ezinezithombe ukulungisa xkill njengesinqamuleli sekhibhodi: uma sisetshenziswa, ikhesa liphenduka isiphambano futhi Noma yiliphi iwindi olichofoza lizonqanyulwa ngokushesha.Kufana "nenkinobho yokwethuka" yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhohlisayo.

9. Inethiwekhi nokuxhumana: ping, wget

Ukuhlola ukuthi uxhumeke yini kumphathi othile, ping Ithumela amaphakethe e-ICMP futhi ilinganise isikhathi sokuphendula. Ungahlola ngazo zombili izizinda kanye ngamakheli e-IP aqondile ukuze kuqedwe izinkinga ze-DNS.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wget Kungummese we-Swiss Army wokulanda amafayela kuwebhu. Isekela izinketho eziningi zokuphinda uzame, ukulanda okuphindaphindiwe, kanye nokuqinisekisa, futhi ilungele uma udinga. Landa okuqukethwe kusuka kumaskripthi noma kumaseva ngaphandle kwendawo enezithombe.

10. Ukusesha okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokuhlaziywa kombhalo: grep, find, wc

cunt grep Ungasesha amaphethini kumafayela wombhalo usebenzisa izinkulumo ezijwayelekile; akugcini nje ngokubuyisa imigqa efanayo, kodwa futhi kunikeza izinketho ezifana -c kungaba ukubalwa kwezehlakalo zegamaLokhu kuwusizo kakhulu lapho kuhlaziywa izingodo noma imiphumela yomyalo.

Umyalo find Idlula kuhlu lwemibhalo futhi ithola amafayela ngokusekelwe egameni, uhlobo, kanye nezinye izindlela. Isibonelo, ungasesha zonke izikripthi zePython ezine *.py kuphrojekthi yakho yamanje ngokubonisa umzila kanye nephethini yokusesha.

Ekugcineni, wc (inani lamagama) libuyisela inani lemigqa, amagama, nama-byte kufayela. -w o -l usele wedwa Inani lamagama noma imigqa, lilungele izibalo ezisheshayo noma ukuqinisekisa umphumela weminye imiyalo.

11. Ukuphathwa kwamaphasiwedi nokuphuma: passwd, exit, history

Uma udinga ukushintsha iphasiwedi yakho yomsebenzisi yamanje, passwd Ikuqondisa isinyathelo ngesinyathelo: Okokuqala icela iphasiwedi yakho yamanje, bese kuba entsha kabili.Zama ukungazami uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi wenzani, ngoba ukulahlekelwa ukufinyelela ku-akhawunti yakho kuyinkinga yangempela.

Umyalo exit Isetshenziselwa ukuphuma kugobolondo lamanje, okuhunyushwa ngokuthi vala ithebhu yesiphelo noma uqede iseshini ekude uma uxhuma nge-SSH.

Futhi uma ungakhumbuli kahle ukuthi umyalo omude owawuthayipha ngaphambilini wawuyini, history isampula uhlu olunezinombolo lwemiyalo esanda kwenziwaNgaphezu kokuzulazula ngemicibisholo, ungasesha ngaphakathi kuyo nge Ctrl+R noma uyihlanze ngokuphelele history -c uma ungafuni ukushiya umkhondo.

Abaphathi bephakheji kanye nesofthiwe ebalulekile ku-Linux

Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zeLinux abaphathi bayo bamaphakheji abanamandla. Ukufaka, ukubuyekeza, noma ukususa izinhlelo ku-terminal kuyashesha, kuphephile, futhi kungaphinde kukhiqizwe — into evame ukudingwa kwezinye izinhlelo ukusebenzisa abafaki bezinkampani zangaphandle abangacacile.

Kuye ngokusatshalaliswa okusebenzisayo, uzophatha amathuluzi ahlukene: apt ku-Debian/Ubuntu, yum o dnf ezinhlelweni ezisekelwe ku-Red Hat kanye pacman ku-Arch kanye ne-derivativesKuzo zonke izimo umqondo uyafana: amaphakheji alandwa ezindaweni zokugcina ezisemthethweni noma ezithembekile, ukuncika kuyaxazululwa, futhi uhlelo lushiywa lulungile ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

Isibonelo, ukufaka i-GIMP ku-Ubuntu ungathayipha sudo apt install gimpkuFedora kungaba sudo yum install gimpfuthi ku-Arch, sudo pacman -S gimpShintsha igama lephakheji bese uphinda iphethini kwezinye izinhlelo.

Ngokusekelwe kulokho, uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Linux lukhulu kakhulu kunalokho abantu abaningi abakuqaphelayo. Kukhona isofthiwe yobungcweti engathi sína cishe yanoma yini, kusukela ekuhleleni umsindo namavidiyo kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwe-virtualization, izinhlelo zokusebenza zehhovisi, kanye nokuphepha.

Umsindo nomculo: I-Ardor, i-Audacity, abadlali

Uma usebenza ngomsindo, i-Ardor iyi-DAW ephelele kakhulu ekuvumela ukuthi uqophe futhi uhlanganise umsindo kanye ne-MIDI eziteshini eziningi , ngokusekelwa kwamafomethi amaningi nama-plugin. Kuyindlela ehlukile kakhulu kunezixazululo zezentengiselwano.

Ukukhalipha kusabalulekile emisebenzini yokuhlela okusheshayo: ukurekhoda, ukusika, ukusebenzisa imiphumela, ukunciphisa umsindo, kanye nokuthumela kumafomethi amaningi . Iphinde isekele ama-plugin ukwandisa amakhono ayo ngaphandle kokudinga inkokhelo eyengeziwe.

Ukuze udlale umtapo wakho womculo, unezidlali ezincane nezikhangayo ezifana ne-Lollypop noma i-Musique, ezigxile ekunikezeni isikhombikubona esihlanzekile, ubuciko be-albhamu, kanye nolwazi lomculi , ngaphandle kokwenza izinto zibe nzima ngezinketho ezithuthukisiwe uma ungazidingi.

Ividiyo, ihluzo kanye nezithombe: i-Blender, i-Kdenlive, i-DaVinci, i-DarkTable, i-GIMP

I-Blender iyisofthiwe ephelele kunazo zonke ye-3D: ukumodela, ukugqwayiza, i-VFX, ukuhlela amavidiyo, ngisho nokudala imidlalo , konke kuhlelo lokusebenza olulodwa. Kunzima ukukholwa ukuthi iyisofthiwe evulekile uma ubheka inani elikhulu lezinto engayenza.

Uma ividiyo iyinto oyithandayo, i-Kdenlive ne-Shotcut zinikeza imisebenzi engeyona eqondile ngokusekelwa kwenani elikhulu lamafomethi ngenxa ye-FFmpeg , amathrekhi amaningi, imiphumela, izihloko, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu. Futhi uma ufuna okuthile okusondelene namazinga embonini, i-DaVinci Resolve inenguqulo yamahhala enamathuluzi okuhlela nokulungisa imibala anamandla kakhulu.

Ekuthwebuleni izithombe, i-DarkTable ifana kakhulu nokuhamba komsebenzi kwe-Lightroom: ukuthuthukiswa kwe-RAW, ukuphathwa kwekhathalogi, kanye nokulungiswa okuthuthukisiwe okwenzelwe abathwebuli bezithombe ukucubungula izithombe eziningi kakhulu. Ukuze kulungiswe kabusha okuvamile, i-GIMP isalokhu iyindlela engcono kakhulu kune-Photoshop, enezendlalelo, amamaski, izihlungi, kanye nokusekelwa kwezikripthi nama-plugin.

Ihhovisi, ukufunda kanye nokuhlela: i-LibreOffice, i-Calibre, i-Evolution, i-Typora

I-LibreOffice okwamanje iyi-suite yamahhala ephelele kakhulu yehhovisi : i-word processor, amaspredishithi, izethulo, izizindalwazi… Konke kune-interface yesimanje futhi kuhambisana kahle namafomethi e-Microsoft Office.

Uma ufunda ama-ebook, i-Calibre ibalulekile: iphatha umtapo wakho wezincwadi ze-ebook, iguqula phakathi kwamafomethi, ithumela amafayela kumfundi wakho, futhi ikuvumela ukuthi uhlele imethadatha . Ingalanda futhi izindatshana zezindaba namawebhusayithi ukuze uwafunde njengokungathi ayizincwadi.

I-Evolution, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihlanganisa iklayenti le-imeyili, ikhalenda, imisebenzi kanye noxhumana nabo endaweni eyodwa, isebenza njengesikhungo semizwa yempilo yakho yedijithali, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ze-GNOME lapho ihlangana khona kahle.

Ngokubhala okulula kanye nemibhalo yobuchwepheshe, i-Typora inikeza umhleli we-Markdown omncane okhombisa umphumela cishe ngendlela ozobukeka ngayo uma uthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe , ugwema iziphazamiso futhi ugxile embhalweni.

I-inthanethi, imiyalezo kanye ne-multimedia: i-Firefox, i-Edge, i-Telegram, i-Discord, i-Kodi, i-Plex, i-OBS

Kuziphequluli, iFirefox isalokhu iyinketho enhle kakhulu ngenxa yokugxila kwayo kubumfihlo, futhi uma usebenza ezindaweni ezixubile zeWindows-Linux, iMicrosoft Edge kuLinux ikuvumela ukuthi ugcine amaphasiwedi, izintandokazi, kanye nezilungiselelo zivumelanisiwe phakathi kwamapulatifomu womabili.

I-Telegram ne-Discord ziyizinto ezimbili ezibalulekile ekuxhumaneni: eyokuqala ikhanya ngokugxila kwayo eziteshini, kuma-bots nasekusetshenzisweni kwamadivayisi amaningi ; eyesibili, ukuze kube lula ukudala amaseva anetimu ngengxoxo yezwi nevidiyo, efanelekile emiphakathini kanye namaqembu omsebenzi.

Ukuze usethe isikhungo semidiya, i-Kodi noma i-Plex iguqula ikhompyutha yakho ibe uhlobo lwekhaya le-Netflix : bahlela ama-movie, uchungechunge, umculo nezithombe, bangeze imethadatha futhi bavumele ukufinyelela kokuqukethwe kwakho kusuka kwamanye amadivayisi, ngezingezo ezandisa amathuba azo.

Uma ufuna ukusakaza imidlalo yakho noma ukusakaza bukhoma, i-OBS Studio iyithuluzi elijwayelekile: ungeza izigcawu, imithombo yevidiyo, ukunqwabelanisa, umsindo bese uwuthumela ku-Twitch, ku-YouTube noma noma kuphi lapho ufuna khona ngezinga eliphezulu lokulawula futhi ngaphandle kokukhokhela amalayisense.

Uhlelo, ukuphepha kanye nezinsiza: i-GParted, i-Stacer, i-ClamAV, i-qBittorrent, i-jDownloader, i-Wine, i-YUMI

I-GParted iyisimese sokuhlukanisa i-Swiss Army: dala, shintsha usayizi, hambisa, fometha, futhi ulebule izingxenye ngokubonakalayo. Ungayisebenzisa kusuka ohlelweni lwakho noma uqale kusuka ku-USB ebukhoma ene-GPart ukuze usebenze ngamadiski ngaphandle kokufaka uhlelo lokusebenza.

I-Stacer inikeza umbono oningiliziwe ngokusebenza komshini wakho: iqapha ukusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza, izinqubo, izinsizakalo zokuqala, kanye nokuhlanza amafayela angadingekile, konke kubekwe endaweni eyodwa ukuze kugcinwe isimo sesistimu silawulwa.

Nakuba i-Linux ingahlosiwe kakhulu, ayivikelekile. I-ClamAV iyinjini ye-antivirus yomthombo ovulekile ongayisebenzisa ukuskena amafolda, ukulanda, noma ngisho namaseva eposi ; nge-interface efana ne-clamtk, kulula kakhulu uma ungafuni ukubhekana nobunzima nge-terminal.

Kokulandwayo, i-qBittorrent ingenye yamaklayenti e-BitTorrent amahle kakhulu, enenjini yokusesha eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, ukwesekwa kwezixhumanisi zamagnet, kanye nokuphathwa komugqa okuthuthukisiwe . Futhi uma usebenzisa ukulanda okuqondile, i-jDownloader ikusindisa umsebenzi omningi ngokuthola ngokuzenzakalelayo izixhumanisi ebhodini lakho lokunamathisela.

Iwayini linikeza isendlalelo sokuhambisana nokusebenzisa izinhlelo eziningi ze-Windows ngqo ohlelweni lwakho lwe-Linux , okubaluleke kakhulu uma udinga ithuluzi eliyimfihlo elingenayo inguqulo yemvelo. Futhi uma ujabulela ukushintsha ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Linux, i-YUMI ikusiza ukuthi udale amadrayivu e-USB amaningi anezithombe eziningana eziqalwa kudrayivu efanayo.

Amathiphu kanye nemikhuba emihle kakhulu yokuthola okuningi ku-Ubuntu nakwamanye ama-distro

Ngaphandle kwemiyalo nezinhlelo zokusebenza, kunezindlela eziningi zokulungisa kanye nokulungisa okuncane okwenza umehluko phakathi kokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-Linux okuzinzile nokukhululekile kanye nokufakwa okugcwele izimanga . Amaningi alawa macebiso avela emaphutheni avamile enziwa ngumuntu ovela ku-Windows bese eqala ukushintsha ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi wenzani.

Izindawo zokugcina, izimvume, kanye nesofthiwe yomuntu wesithathu: izinto okungafanele uziphazamise.

Elinye lamaphutha avame kakhulu lapho uqala ukwengeza ama-repository ngokungahleliwe "ngoba ukubonile esithangamini." I-repository ngayinye eyengeziwe ingomunye umthombo wamaphakheji, kodwa futhi ingumthombo ongaba khona wokungazinzi, izingxabano, kanye nobuthakathaka bokuphepha.

Umthetho oyisisekelo ulula: sebenzisa kuphela ama-repository asemthethweni okusabalalisa kwakho bese wengeza angaphandle kuphela uma kudingeka kakhulu futhi ethembekile . Gwema ama-PPA noma ama-repository angacacile athembisa izimangaliso, ikakhulukazi uma engagcinwanga kahle.

Okufanayo kusebenza kuma-executable alandiwe kumawebhusayithi angahleliwe: amaphakheji .deb, .rpm noma izikripthi zokufaka zenkampani yangaphandle ezingasayiniwe noma ezingabuyekezwanga. Ukufaka isofthiwe evela emithonjeni engaziwa kungakulethela i-malware, i-backdoors, noma uhlelo oluphukile.Ngakho-ke qaphela "abafaki bemilingo" abathembisa ukukwenzela konke.

Ngokuphathelene nezimvume, sebenzisa sudo o su Kungumqondo omubi kuyo yonke into. Sebenza njengomsebenzisi ojwayelekile futhi Phakamisa amalungelo kuphela uma udinga ngempela ukufinyelela uhlelo (faka amaphakheji, hlela amafayela okucushwa kwe- /etcnjll.). Umyalo ongabhalwanga kahle njengompande ungabangela izinkinga ezinkulu.

I-GRUB, ama-desktops kanye nezikripthi "zezimangaliso": indlela yokugwema ukuphazamisa ukufakwa kwakho

I-GRUB boot manager ilawula ukuthi yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza olulayishayo uma uvula ikhompyutha yakho. Ukuphazamisa izilungiselelo zayo ngaphandle kokuziqonda kungakushiya nekhompyutha engeke iqalise , okukuphoqa ukuthi ubuyise idatha usebenzisa i-USB ebukhoma.

Uma ufuna ukuhlela kabusha okufakiwe noma ukwenza ngezifiso okuthile, yenza ucwaningo lwakho noma usebenzise amathuluzi avivinywe futhi anakekelwayo; ungahleli amafayela ngokungahleliwe. /etc/grub.d Futhi akufanele uthembele ngokungazi lutho kumasevisi ezinkampani zangaphandle aguqula i-GRUB ngaphandle kokubona kahle ukuthi asebenzani.

Elinye iphutha elivamile ukuxuba zonke izindawo zedeskithophu (njenge-GNOME ne-KDE) ekufakweni okufanayo. Uma ufaka izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile, ungase udonse yonke indawo yedeskithophu ephikisanayo kanye nomphathi wayo wamafayela, imitapo yolwazi, kanye nezilungiselelo , okuholela ohlelweni olungabonakali kahle nolunzima ukulungisa iphutha.

Okwenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu, kunezikripthi "zokufaka okukodwa" ezingeza ama-repositories, zifaka ama-kernel, futhi zishintshe izilungiselelo ezibalulekile ngaphandle kokulawula kwangempela inqubo. Lezi zinhlelo zingashiya uhlelo lwakho lungazinzile nhlobo , ngakho-ke kungcono ukuzigwema uma ungafuni noma yiziphi izinto ezimangazayo ezingathandeki.

Izibuyekezo, isofthiwe ezinzile, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifakwe ngaphambilini

Ekusabalalisweni okufana ne-Ubuntu noma i-Linux Mint, izinguqulo ze-LTS (usekelo lwesikhathi eside) ziyindlela engcono kakhulu yabasebenzisi abasha noma amaqembu omsebenzi, ngoba zibeka phambili ukuzinza nokuvuselelwa kokuphepha kunokuhlala zinenguqulo yakamuva.

Ama-repository esofthiwe angazinzile noma "ahlongozwayo" anengqondo kuphela uma wazi ukuthi wenzani, ufuna ukuhlola izici ezintsha ngokuphelele, futhi uzimisele ukubika amaphutha. Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile, kwansuku zonke, kuhlakaniphe kakhulu ukunamathela ezinguqulweni ezizinzile futhi uzibuyekeze ngepayipi lokukhishwa elisemthethweni.

Kuyaye kukhange ukukhipha izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifakwe ngaphambilini ongazisebenzisi, kodwa eziningi zincike kakhulu kwezinye izingxenye zesistimu. Ukuzisusa ungazi kungadonsela amaphakheji ayisihluthulelo futhi kubangele ukuthi izingxenye ezibalulekile ziyeke ukusebenza . Zinganaki noma uzifihle kumenyu uma ungazidingi, futhi usukulungele ukuhamba.

Amathiphu awusizo e-Ubuntu okuthuthukisa impilo yakho yansuku zonke

Ubuntu (kanye nokunye ukusatshalaliswa okuningi) kufihla amaqhinga amancane akusindisa isikhathi. Isibonelo, Unganamathisela ngokushesha noma yimuphi umbhalo owukhethile ngokuchofoza igundane eliphakathi.Kuyibhodi lokunamathisela "elihambisana" nelijwayelekile. Ctrl+C / Ctrl+V, iwusizo kakhulu ekushayeni okusheshayo okuphindaphindiwe.

Izindawo zokusebenza ezibonakalayo zikuvumela ukuthi uhlukanise imisebenzi kuma-desktop ahlukene: eyodwa yesiphequluli sakho kanye ne-imeyili, enye yokuthuthukiswa, enye ye-multimedia, njalo njalo. Ku-Ubuntu, ungazisebenzisa kusukela kuzilungiselelo zokubukeka bese uhamba phakathi kwazo usebenzisa izinqamuleli zekhibhodi noma uthumele amafasitela kusuka kwenye indawo yokusebenza uye kwenye.

Ungenza futhi izinqumo ezicacile mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza eziqala lapho ungena ngemvume kusuka kuphaneli ethi "Izinhlelo Zokuqalisa". Lapho, ungasusa kalula izinsizakalo ongadingi ukusheshisa ukuqala noma wengeze izinhlelo ozifunayo zivuleke njalo ngaphandle kokuchofoza isikhathi ngasinye.

Uma uphuthelwa umsindo wokungena wesitayela sakudala, ungangeza umyalo odlala i-clip kulolo hlu olufanayo lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ekuqaleni bese uphinda ubambe lokho kuthinta okukhumbulayo ngaphandle kwenkinga enkulu.

Ukusebenza: ukushintshana, amafolda esikhashana ku-RAM, kanye nabashayeli behluzo

Emishinini ene-RAM eyanele (8 GB, 16 GB noma ngaphezulu) ungalungisa indlela uhlelo olusebenzisa ngayo i-swap partition ukuze ukunciphisa umthelela kudiski futhi uthole ukuguquguquka okuthileAmapharamitha afana nalawa vm.swappiness o vm.vfs_cache_pressure kungalungiswa ku- /etc/sysctl.conf ukuze i-kernel isebenzise isikhala esincane sokushintshana lapho ingadingeki.

Elinye icebo elithuthukisiwe lihilela ukufaka amafolda esikhashana afana /tmp o /var/tmp ku-RAM usebenzisa tmpfs. Ngakho-ke Imisebenzi yesikhashana ishesha kakhulu futhi ugwema ukubhala okuqhubekayo kumadiski e-SSDKhumbula nje ukuthi konke okulapho kuyanyamalala uma ukucima.

Uma ufuna ukudlala imidlalo noma umane ucindezele i-GPU yakho kuze kube semkhawulweni wayo, kubalulekile ukuhlola ukuthi iyiphi idrayivu esetshenziswa uhlelo lwakho. Ku-Ubuntu, ngaphansi kwe-"Software & Updates," uzothola ithebhu yabashayeli abengeziwe lapho ungakhetha khona phakathi kwabashayeli abavulekile noma abangochwepheshe abavela kumkhiqizi . Ukuhlola ukubona ukuthi iyiphi ekunika ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu ngokuvamile kungumqondo omuhle, njalo usebenzisa izindawo zokugcina ezithembekile.

Ukwenza ngokwezifiso isikhombimsebenzisi kanye nezinqamuleli eziwusizo

Amathuluzi afana ne-Unity Tweak (ezinguqulweni ezindala ze-Ubuntu) noma okufanayo kwawo kwesimanje akuvumela ukuthi wenze ngokwezifiso ukubukeka kwedeskithophu, ushintshe izingqikithi, izithonjana, ukuziphatha kwedokhi , futhi ulungise imininingwane efana nama-hot corners noma inani lama-desktop.

Uma ukhetha ibha yokuqalisa engezansi, njengaku-Windows, esikhundleni sesobunxele, ungayishintsha ngomyalo wezilungiselelo noma kusuka kuzinketho zedeskithophu, kuye ngenguqulo yakho. Lezi izinguquko ezincane ezenza ushintsho lube lula kubasebenzisi abasha.

Ukusetha izinqamuleli ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zezenzo ezijwayelekile nakho kusiza kakhulu: isibonelo, ukwabela inhlanganisela ku xkill ukubulala amafasitela aqandisiwe, noma isiqalisi sohlobo lwe-Ulauncher ukuvula izinhlelo zokusebenza namafayela ngokubhala izincwadi ezimbalwa nje, esikhundleni sokuzulazula kumamenyu.

I-terminal ngokwayo inamaqhinga ayo: ukuqedela ngokuzenzakalela ngeThebhu, ukusesha okuphambene emlandweni nge Ctrl+R, noma uvimbele imiyalo ethile ukuthi ingalondolozwa emlandweni uma uyiqala ngesikhalaUkwazi kahle le mininingwane kukunika ikhono elikhulu lokubhala kahle uma kuqhathaniswa nokubhala kusukela ekuqaleni njalo.

Ama-desktops, ama-consoles abonakalayo kanye nama-touchpad

Ngaphezu kwama-windows anezithombe, ukusatshalaliswa okuningi kunikeza ama-consoles amaningana atholakalayo nge Ctrl+Alt+FxElinye livame ukuba nendawo enezithombe, kanti kwezinye ungalivula izikhathi zombhalo ohlanzekile zokuphatha, ukulungisa amaphutha, noma ukusindisa lapho isikhombikubona siqina.

Kuma-laptop, i-touchpad inganikeza okungaphezu kwalokho okubonakala sengathi: ukuskrola ngeminwe emibili, ukuskrola okuvundlile, ukuchofoza kwesokudla ekhoneni elingezansi, njll. Uma lezi zici zingasebenzi ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukulungisa izilungiselelo ze-"Mouse and Touchpad" kuvame ukwanele ukusizakala ngazo zonke izimpawu ezisekelwa yihadiwe.

Okokugcina, kunezindlela ezincane zokulungisa izinto ezibonakalayo ezithuthukisa ukusebenziseka kalula, njengokulungiselela ukuthi ukuchofoza isithonjana sohlelo lokusebenza oluvele luvuliwe kudokhi kuyakunciphisa noma kuyakubuyisela esimweni salo , esikhundleni sokuvula iwindi elisha. Lena imininingwane emincane, uma ihlanganiswe ndawonye, ​​yenza indawo ibe lula ukuyisebenzisa.

Ekugcineni, okwenza umehluko ku-Linux ukungazi icebo elilodwa, kodwa ukuhlanganisa eziningana: ukuqonda imiyalo ebalulekile, ukuqonda ukuthi amaphakheji aphathwa kanjani, ukukhetha ngokucophelela isofthiwe oyifakayo, ukunamathela emikhubeni emihle yokuphepha , kanye nokusebenzisa izinqamuleli eziwusizo zedeskithophu. Njengoba konke lokho kusezandleni zakho, akunandaba ukuthi usebenza ku-Ubuntu, i-Fedora, i-Arch, noma yikuphi okunye ukusatshalaliswa: uzoba nesistimu eshesha, ezinzile, futhi elungiselelwe ukuhamba komsebenzi wakho, esikhundleni sokuthi uvumelane nesistimu.